Similarly, during intraocular refractive surgery implantation of the intraocular lens (IOL), especially the multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL), a large angle kappa can increase the risk for photic phenomena including halos, glare, and dysphotopsia. In keratorefractive surgery with a large angle kappa, there is a greater chance of the decentration of ablation zones, and it may lead to negative visual effects such as irregular astigmatism and undercorrection.

ДЄngle kappa is a crucial examination for some surgical decisions in ophthalmology. A positive angle kappa of 5.0В° on average is generally found in the normal human eye. Additionally, angle kappa can be classified as horizontal or vertical on the basis of X and Y Cartesian values of angle kappa. According to the light reflex located in the pupillary center, angle kappa can be classified as positive (nasal) or negative (temporal). The visual axis connects the fovea with the fixation point this line passes the nodal, and the pupillary axis is the line passing through the center of the pupil perpendicular to the cornea. Positive angle kappa (nasal light reflex) was found in most cataract patients (79.25% to 84.91%) through 3 different devices in both eyes.ДЄngle kappa represents the angle between the visual axis and the pupillary axis. Angle kappa was not significantly different between Pentacam and Lenstar ( P > 0.05), while angle kappa was significantly different between Pentacam and iTrace and between Lenstar and iTrace ( P 0.05). Intraoperator repeatability and interoperator and intersession reproducibility of angle kappa showed an Sw of less than 0.05 mm, a 2.77 Sw of 0.14 mm or less, and an ICC of more than 0.96. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. You can also have better information about the patient's optical system's alignment so that you can decide which IOL is best for the patient.Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Additionally, general eye care specialists can use this information to select and recommend the best vision correction treatment. Surgeons benefit from this information when planning surgical procedures such as refractive lensectomies, AK's, Accommodative and Multifocal IOL's and for post-op evaluations. This 5-in-1 system provides auto-refraction, corneal topography, ray tracing aberrometry, pupillometry and auto-keratometry, saving time, space and money.Д«y integrating wavefront aberrometry with corneal topography, the iTrace provides a unique analysis that subtracts corneal from total aberrations in order to isolate the internal aberrations of the eye. The iTrace sequentially projects 256 near-infrared laser beams into the eye to measure forward aberrations, processing data point-by-point.

The iTrace measures quality of vision and visual function using a fundamental thin beam principle of optical ray tracing, a first in eye care diagnostics. It offers easy to interpret reports, is simple to integrate, networkable and saves time, space and money. Visual analysis is not based only on sphere, and cylinder вЂ“ iTrace offers an objective perspective of the complete visual pathway, analyzing aberrations from low to high order. The iTraceв„ў combines, auto refraction, corneal topography, auto-keratometry, wavefront aberrometry and pupillometry in one system.

Itrace in hospitals